Anthropological Accounts of Leadership

Question: In what manner should the pioneer manage the circumstance? Answer: The pioneer of your customer association has watched an absence of adaptability and a moderate dynamic procedure in a large number of the offices. He accepts that he isn't serving his clients well, and has chosen to move to a group domain and to push a considerable lot of the choices to the most minimal potential levels. At the end of the day, he needs to make a group based, engaged association. A few of his best directors are opposing the thought emphatically. They not just feel that numerous workers are not prepared for the change, however they additionally accept that they by and by would never show signs of change from an order and control style to permitting more interest. As indicated by the given circumstance been expressed there was a need the dynamic framework approach of the association in general. He was not had the option to work well for his clients. He recommended to move the administration framework to a group arranged business emphatically yet to which huge numbers of the representatives had restricted in light of the fact that they felt that they are not prepared for such a change and furthermore they felt that this kind of progress was telling. The pioneer should manage this sort of circumstance carefully. He ought to go for building up his own administration styles with the goal that the representatives can have the option to work and exist in the different workplaces and can likewise change as needs be. The way of life and objectives of an association figure out which initiative style fits the firm best. A few organizations offer a few initiative styles inside the association, subordinate upon the fundamental assignments to finish and departmental needs. There are basically five sorts of administration styles which a pioneer may pick as indicated by the kind of the association and afterward this can help in taking and dealing with the choices of an organization overall (Edwards, 2014). Here the pioneer had picked free enterprise style of authority which implies that the whole framework lacked from direct oversight of the representatives and furthermore the framework had for the most part neglected to give standard input to the workers who needed management and direction from their pioneers. It isn't compulsory that all the representatives will fall under this style of administration style yet there are not many workers too. It is the obligation of the pioneer to carefully catch up for those workers. This style of initiative impedes creation of workers that need exacting management. The free enterprise style needs no administration or oversight endeavors from their administrators or the senior level individuals too (He, 2013). This prompts poor creation, absence of control just as the expanding costs related with it. The pioneer is been proposed to follow dictatorial sort of authority that will permit the chiefs to settle on self-choices alone without taking any such contribution from others too. Here in this sort the directors have all out power and furthermore force their will on the workers also. Nobody can challenge the choices of the directors that have been taken. This style of authority requires close consideration just as oversight. The imaginative workers who can flourish in bunch capacities hate this sort of administration style (Parker Welch, 2013). As a powerful pioneer he should convince his supervisors by including the transformational sort of authority to its representatives. The transformational initiative style relies upon significant levels of correspondence from the board to meet objectives. Pioneers rouse workers and upgrade profitability and proficiency through correspondence and high perceivability. This style of initiative requires the inclusion of the executives to meet objectives. Pioneers center around the comprehensive view inside an association and representative littler assignments to the group to achieve objectives (Zhu, Newman, Miao Hooke, 2013). References Edwards, G. (2014). Anthropological records of authority: Historical and topographical understandings from indigenous cultures.Leadership. doi:10.1177/1742715014536920 He, H. (2013). Participative Leadership and Follower Creativity: Do Different Types of Trust Play Different Roles?.Academy Of Management Proceedings,2013(1), 12324-12324. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2013.12324abstract Parker, M., Welch, E. (2013). Proficient systems, science capacity, and sexual orientation determinants of three sorts of authority in scholarly science and engineering.The Leadership Quarterly,24(2), 332-348. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.01.001 Raelin, J. (2014). Envision there are no pioneers: Reframing initiative as community oriented agency.Leadership. doi:10.1177/1742715014558076 The thirteenth universal examining initiative gathering (ISLC). (2014).Leadership,10(2), 261-262. doi:10.1177/1742715014529687 Zhu, W., Newman, A., Miao, Q., Hooke, A. (2013). Returning to the interceding job of trust in transformational administration impacts: Do various kinds of trust make a difference?.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 94-105. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.004

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Example for Free

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Eleanor Roosevelt will consistently be recollected in history as the main lady to have any kind of effect in the status of first woman. She was conceived in 1884 and passed on in 1962 and all through her life indicated gigantic mental fortitude in confronting what befell her. Her youth might be viewed as having affected her later life. It is considered to have been powerful in molding her life and her methodology towards the issues clear in the public arena. She was conceived in an extremely rich family on the grounds that the two sides of her family were affluent and furthermore eminent families. In any case, her grown-up life resisted the desires for her group in the public arena. She didn't act as the remainder of her group individuals did. She did what they would not do because of their status in the public arena. She was conceived Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt in New York. Her mom was acclaimed for her magnificence and was baffled in Eleanor’s looks since she was not as lovely or smooth as she needed her to be. Therefore, they didn't turn out to be close in the brief timeframe they spent together. Her dad was the more youthful sibling to President Theodore who later really gave Eleanor in her wedding since her folks were at that point dead by at that point (http://www. pbs. rg). Her mom kicked the bucket in 1892 when Eleanor was just 8 years of age. Her relationship with her dad was somewhat better since he didn't condemn her looks. They were anyway not close as a result of conjugal issues experienced among him and Anna and consequently wound up not discussing a great deal with Eleanor. After the demise of her mom, she moved in with her maternal grandma and subsequently, rather than shutting the break among her and her dad this wound up extending it. He passed on in 1894 when she was 10 years of age because of drinking related issues. His conduct had prompted his being abandoned by his family. She had private coaches until the age of 15 when she joined Allenwood a completing school where she met her guide Madame Marie Sourvesre. She voyaged all over Europe with her and she was the person who educated Eleanor â€Å"the way of life of an autonomous woman† (PBS 1999). She came back to New York at 18 years old. She turned into a social specialist and it is right now that she met Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was her fifth cousin. She got hitched in March 17, 1905 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She acquainted him with the universe of needy individuals during their romance when she was filling in as a social specialist. Because of her the enthusiastic issues she looked in her youth because of the absence of warmth from both her mom and father, she had the option to give unto others unlimited love paying little mind to their status throughout everyday life. She was likewise extraordinarily influenced by the consistent reference individuals made concerning magnificence and the way that she realized she was not an incredible delight. This was continued even in her commitment where she didn't know whether she could keep up a union with her better half who was attractive where she though she was plain (http://www. drlibrary. marist. edu). She had a lot of achievements that began right off the bat in life even before her status as first woman. Albeit prior in life she had not been keen on governmental issues, she later became intrigued in light of the fact that she would not like to appear to be uninformed among her friends. The nearness of her oppressive relative prompted her having more opportunity to commit to her capacities since her 6 youngsters were viewed by Sarah the relative. She needed to keep having the status that she had accomplished under the tutelage of Madame Souvestre. She felt that as long as she was around Sarah she would not have the option to achieve what she needed to thus would include herself in numerous exercises so as to get away from her (http://www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu). During World War 1, she chipped in both in the American Red Cross and furthermore in the Navy medical clinics. She worked indefatigably to help those tormented by the war despite the fact that she didn't care for the war or even war. In 1920, she turned into a functioning individual from the women’s testimonial development. With an end goal to battle for ladies and furthermore edify them on their privileges, she joined the League of Women Voters and turned into the VP of its New York branch. In this gathering, she had the option to urge ladies to become voters and battled for the privilege of ladies to cast a ballot. The law permitting ladies to cast a ballot was passed in 1920. This was likewise made conceivable by the Women’s Division of the Democratic Party of which she was additionally a part. She was additionally an individual from the Women’s Trade Union League which investigated the working states of ladies and battled for the improvement of the equivalent. It additionally battled for the acknowledgment of ladies in the work field. She was extremely worried about ladies issues and would battle for them in any capacity conceivable. She additionally proceeded to build up Todhunter which was a tuition based school for young ladies as it were. She co-possessed it with her companion and turned into its associate head and furthermore an instructor of history yet she had no conventional testament. She did this since she had appreciated Souvestre and needed to emulate her example. This occurred in 1927. In 1918, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was found by Eleanor to engage in extramarital relations with her social secretary Mercer. She found love letters between the two. She compromised him with separate in the event that he didn't end the undertaking. He guaranteed he would and thus spared the marriage though his mom was included. In spite of the fact that the marriage was spared, Eleanor turned into an alternate lady who directed her energies to numerous circumstances that both took as much time as is needed and furthermore illuminated her more to women’s freedom. It is likewise as of now that she joined the different ladies associations and turned out to be near the ladies she was working with. In 1921, Franklin experienced poliomyelitis which left incapacitated in the two legs and his mom exhorted him to turn into a hermit. She needed him to stay in Hyde-Park however Eleanor urged him to keep inspired by governmental issues. He accepted her recommendation and Eleanor would go about as his source gathering data from the residents and offering it to him and talking about the different issues with him. He showed up out in the open on supports in 1924 to select Governor Alfred E. Smith for president. This was all Eleanor’s doing on the grounds that she was the person who empowered him (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). During the time spent turning into his eyes and ears, on the ground, she wound up turning into a free lady and this helped her arrangement with the hurt of her husband’s betrayal. She understood there was an issue of joblessness and this drove her to frame the Val-Kill furniture processing plant. This was in New York and its point was to give business particularly to the individuals who were experiencing joblessness yet could learn abilities that would give a salary to them. Later on the business broadened its exercises to include weaving and furthermore pewter work. This intrigued her significant other definitely and over the long haul urged her to invest increasingly more energy there. Franklin through her consolation ran for governorship of New York and he was chosen in 1928. He served in office up to 1933. In this time, Eleanor would assist him with making enactments that were dynamic. She did this by guaranteeing that she compared with the New York inhabitants a comprehended their issues. She would likewise travel without question and in these movements would review the state organizations and report to Franklin what was happening and in what ways the issues could be settled. Her work is the thing that prompted the re-appointment of her significant other as a representative for a subsequent term and furthermore his assignment to become president. This is on the grounds that he sued the data she had assembled to help improve the lives of the average citizens. Franklin became president in March 4 1933 and thus Eleanor became America’s first woman. She didn't move toward this circumstance certainly since she was uneasy on its effect in her life as a free lady. Regardless of this, she adjusted to the job rapidly and really stood out forever as the longest serving first woman since Franklin was president from 1933-1945. When she turned out to be first woman, she kept giving different chances to ladies she did this by holding question and answer sessions where just female columnists were welcomed. It is through these gatherings that she kept the open educated about the approaches in the white house particularly the New Deal which should help in the recuperation from the downturn (http://www. lkwdpl. organization). In accordance with the impacts of the downturn, she convinced FDR to make the National Youth Administration. This association should assist youthful with peopling who because of the impacts of the downturn could either not join or complete their examinations. They could possibly figure out how to do this on the off chance that they had employments which thusly influenced their investigations. She turned into the counselor to the individuals who held the organization posts and furthermore talked for the benefit of the program. She was likewise engaged with the American Youth Congress which was additionally worried about issues of the young. She engaged with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This is on the grounds that she not, at this point held the perspective on racial oppression and saw everybody as equivalents. She comprehended the predicament of the dark individuals in America and endeavored to guarantee their privileges were perceived and regarded. She additionally worked with the National Council of Negro Women to support the dark ladies. Her stand was clarified when she left being an individual from the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1939 in light of the fact that they had would not permit Marian Anderson, who was a performer, to perform at Constitution Hall (http://www. pbs. organization). Right now, the Second World War was beginning and in spite of the fact that she hated war, she got associated with it since her children were battling in the war. During this time, she made various visits to England and furthermore toward the South Pacific. This she did so as to

Suppression and Suffocation Ambiguity in Identity in Jane Eyre - Free Essay Example

The most notable thing in Jane Eyre is the dichotomy of the society she is surrounded in. Unlike Jane herself, the world she is surrounded in isaccording to Amanda Vickery dialectical polarity. The separation of social spheres in the novel is a direct reflection of the society in which it was written in Victorian England. Victorian England like Jane was a period of ambiguity of womens roles in society; women were both restrained by expectations and given freedom through work. The cult of true womanhood (Welter, 1966) that surrounded women in the early nineteenth century formed a rhetoric of what women were expected to be the ideal Victorian woman. Jane doesnt fit the pious and submissive role that was explicitly defined in the cult of true womanhood her lack of definitive identity in the novel is a reflection of the crippling ideology of traditional femininity that during this time period was being rebuilt due to the Industrial Era. The Industrial Era during the beginning to mid nineteenth century created a narrative of economic change and broke the social spheres of female domesticity and male work (Vickery, 1993). No longer were men seen as the only group of laborers in Englands economy factories served as a stepping stone of women gaining financial independence (Vickery). The Victorian era took down as many walls as it built up with defining femininity. What it meant to be a woman in a time of nonpolar social and economic spheres was unwritten. And J ane Eyre is Brontes try at creating a definition. For centuries, scholars have been debating the merits of Jane Eyres feminism. Whether of not it qualifies as a truly feminist novel remains the focus of many scholars. This essay will argue that the debate is largely anachronistic. Jane Eyre is neither feminist nor anti-feminist because it is a reflection of the changing role of the female during the Victorian era. In this essay, I will argue that Bronte rewrites what it means to be a woman in such a chaotic time period using speech and gender as agents of power in the novel. Janes ambiguityspecifically in terms of her relationship to speech and to her gender causes her to struggle to gain personal identity and power in a world with two extreme polarities, suppression and suffocation. Janes struggle to obtain power through her speech is symbolic to her struggle of creating a personal identity (Freeman,1984). When looking at speech in the novel from a lense of polyphony and dialogism, words dont have innate connotations or power, humans enable their power through response to these words. In literature, symbolism occurs through the actions of characters. Speech becomes an agent of power in the first chapter of the book: I dont very well know what I did with my hands, but he called me Rat! Rat! And bellowed out aloud[] We were parted I heard the words- Dear! Dear! What a fury to fly at Master John! Did every anybody see such a picture of passion! Then Mrs Reed subjoined- Take her away to the red-room, and lock her in there. (Bronte, 7). Indeed, although Jane and John attack each other which causes physical pain, the speech in this scene is more damaging. By painting Jane a picture of passion for her defending herself against her bully cousin, only she (the girl) is reprimanded for being emotional. Her being shut down and sent to the red room is a physical and emotional repression of her emotions Jane is forced to be separated from people because of her passion. This sets the precedent for the remainder of the novel. The reactions of others solidifies in the eyes of the reader for the rest of the novel that in this world, women expressing their emotions is a taboo subject. Bahkin argues that Jane being sent to the red room also defines Jane to the reader as a passionate person and the other characters reactions defines passion for women in a negative matter. (The Dialogic Imagination, Bakhtin) This moment, taking place in the first chapter draws two polarities for Jane; she can either allow her passion to suffocate her, resulting in ostracization, or she can suppress her emotions to be accepted by society. Speech in the novel, though, serves as a loophole. Only after seeing a doctor in the red room, and being encouraged to express her feelings through words, is she freed from Gateshead (Freeman). Although she was still expressing her emotions, they are controlled. For the remainder of the novel, Jane struggles to obtain this medium of controlled passion. Situations where she is without power is when her voice is being imposed on her, or where she can not express her voice. Janes struggle for controlled passion is a huge element of ambiguity in the novel. As Jane struggles to find this medium of controlled passion she is in a world of polarities- women who suppress their emotions (Helen Burns) and suffocate in their own passion (Bertha Mason): This ominous tool she presented to Miss Scatcherd with a respectful curtesy[] the teacher instantly and sharply inflicted on her neck a dozen strokes with the bunch of twigs. Not a tear rose to Burns eye[ ] I looked at her [] and the trace of a tear glistened on her thin cheek)(Bronte, 53). The readers first impression of Helen Burns is a picture of pious servitude. Burns always is horribly punished, and takes itin the words of Jane doctrined endurance (Bronte, 55) . She is the epitome of Brocklehursts teachings, being so humble yet, suffers largely. This is Janes first experience seeing another person being punished, and what surprised her the most is how Helen does not put up a fight.To survive in Lowood, Helen squashes her own emotions to be what she thinks is accepting [her] fate (Bronte, 55). Her death of consumption, is symbolic to her being consumed in her repressed emotions. Bertha suffers a similar fate in the novel by committing suicide by lighting Thornfield on fire. Her death was a symbol of a woman suffocating herself in her own emotion to avoid being repressed by others around her. Janes only conscious meeting with Bertha is short-lived but clearly shows the power struggle between her and Rochester: She was a big woman, in stature almost equalling her husband, and corpulent besides: she showed virile force in the contestmore than once she almost throttled him, athletic as he was[]At last he mastered her arms; Grace Poole gave him a cord, and he pinioned them behind her: with more rope, which was at hand, he bound her to a chair (Bronte, 311). Berthas character serves as a warning to Jane of what can happen when a woman allows herself to be dictated by her emotions. Her height is a symbol of her power, and being that she equals Rochester in height, she is seen as a threat to his masculinity. Berthas physical strength is another component that makes her threatening to his masculinity. While Bertha doesnt suppress herself and allows her emotions to be expressed, the people around her do it for her. Berthas tying to the chair represents this external suppression of womens emotions. The deaths of Bertha and Helen are symbolic to the polarities Bronte claims women are forced with suppression or suffocation. In reality, suffocation and suppression are two sides of the same coin; in the novel if there is one the other soon follows. By doing this, Bronte claims that there is no way to survive in this oppressive society. Using speech as an agent of power is an interesting critique on womens roles in Victorian England. Janes silence in the novel is a reflection of the patriarchal oppression (Demir, 2015) of Victorian aged women. Women at this time were taught to submit themselves to men, confining them to exclusively the domestic sphere of work. In that sphere, women were marginalized to tasks such as language, art and music to be angels of the house (Demir, 2015). Giving women a voice at a time that womens education is culturally defined as a hobby legitimizes their intellect and voice. By enabling Jane to tell her narrative, Bronte gives authority to a woman for the entire novel. She uses elements of Victorian ideals in Janes character by using elements of the angels in the house such as language and art to make her seem intelligent, but then uses these things to give her independence throughout the novel(Vickery). By going on a more traditional route by basing her intelligence in these angels in the house to foster an untraditional life filled with self-independence and freedom of movement, Bronte builds this ambiguity of Janes character using her speech to show that women do not necessarily have to be extremely opposed to traditional femininity or dissociate themselves from that rhetoric completely to be a powerful woman. Janes power comes from her directing her story and her independence, which she obtains from traditionally feminine hobbies such as learning language and art. The theme of ambiguity in the novel carries on to the physical, economic and social embodiment of Janes character. Bronte writes Jane is plain physically she is not beautiful, though nor is she ugly;she is no beauty but she does look like a lady (Bronte, 94). Her appearance is a metaphor for the complete ambiguity that surrounds Jane- both economically and socially. Janes whole childhood is hard to define she is raised in the home of her wealthy family members, yet is seen as less than to the servants who lived there because of her orphanage. For shame! for shame!cried the ladys-maid. What shocking conduct, Miss Eyre, to strike a young gentleman, your benefactresss son! Your young master. Master! How is he my master? Am I a servant? No; you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep(Bronte, 8). In fact, Janes lack of parents is yet another symbol of ambiguity. In literature, orphanage is used as a metaphor to represent a characters detachment from society and lack of i dentity (Auerbach, 1975). In Jane Eyre, Jane not being born into an identity or home allows her to freely move from place to place in the novel. On the other hand, her not having a definitive identity predestines her to flee each community she assimilates herself to: from Gateshead , to her leaving Lowood to Thornfield. Jane doesnt find a long term home in the novel, until she creates one for herself when she goes into the woods and builds a home with Rochester: We entered the wood, and wended homeward (Bronte, 478). All of the five parts in the novel follow the same pattern; Eric Solomon said Jane comes into conflict with authority, defeats it by her inner strength and departs into exile. Peter Brooks theory on narrative analysis defines repetition in a novel as a metaphor of the binding obsessions humans have of creating a definite end to everything in their lives. Repetition is explained by Freuds death instinct, which is that people with traumatic experiences, relive these exper iences. Viewing this pattern in the novel using Brooks lense on narrative analysis, the common theme of Janes exhalation represents how despite the development she makes throughout each act in the novel, she still finds herself alone, similarly to her being ostracized in the red room at the beginning of the novel. Lack of understanding who she is and her place in society, wasnt explained by her parents during her easily influenced, developmental state (Freud). This confusion turns into frustration in her that she expresses through repression of her emotions or outward aggression. Both choices wield her the same results- being alone. Jane not having parents explain to her her status and position in society results in her embracing an androgyny; both traditionally male and female phenotypes. This is supported using Judith Butlers critical theory on gender, being that gender is a learned construct. Jane not having parents, had no one to teach her gender resulting in her not feeling the pressure of complying to the traditional role of a Victorian woman. While Janes orphanage is a component to her embracing both traditionally male and female things, her education is also another social element that gifts her her unclear identity in the novel. Janes teachings at Lowood raised her in a religious, sensible setting a reflection to the unsexting of the working class woman in this time period due to no polarization in the workplace (Godfrey, 2005). Miss Scatcherd continued to make her an object of constant notice: she was continually addressing to her such phrases as the following:Burns (such it seems was her name: the girls here were all called by their surnames, as boys are elsewhere) (Bronte, 52). This detail of the last names is extremely important, because it serves as proof on the unsexting that occurs of the Lowood girls. The girls at Lowood represent the working-class and the womens androgynous identity in this class at this time. What is notable about this, is that instead of their feminity being thrown away willingly, instead it was ripped from them: Julia Severn, maam! And why has she, or any other, curled hair? Why, in defiance of every precept and principle of this house, does she conform to the world so openly here in an evangelical, charitable establishment as to wear her hair one mass of curls? Julias hair curls naturally, returned Miss Temple, still more quietly. Naturally! Yes, but we are not to conform to nature: I wish these girls to be the children of Grace: and why that abundance? I have again and again intimated that I desire the hair to be arranged closely, modestly, plainly. Miss Temple, that girls hair must be cut off entirely [ ] (Bronte, 64). Brocklehurst ripping all sources of femininity show that the androgyny that took place in this time period was forced. The unsexting of the women that takes place in Lowood is not a innovative feminist subplot because the women do not willingly submit. Instead, this unsexting is controlled by this middle class man, who unsexes them in order to legitimize the terrible treatment of these women. On the other hand of the social sphere, Brocklehursts daughters were always dressed lavishly, and treated well: Mr. Brocklehurst was here interrupted: three other visitors, ladies, now entered the room. They ought to have come a little sooner to have heard his lecture on dress, for they were splendidly attired in velvet, silk, and furs (Bronte, 65). Brontes purpose in including Brocklehursts daughters was to highlight the contrast from the aristocratic middle class woman to the modern working woman.In this part of Janes life, she is forced to suppress her femininity due to gender polarity [being] a luxury only for the middle class (Godfrey). Even as Janes position in society improves when she leaves Lowood to become a private governess, she still remains an outsider: I sit in the shadeif any shade there be in this brilliantly-lit apartment; the window-curtain half hides me(Bronte, 182).When Jane is surrounded by the wealthy, she hides. After living so long suppressing her femininity, Jane is now moved to a world where she is drowned in the expectations of an aristocratic woman, not only to be accepted to the women around her, but to appear desirable to Rochester. Poovey writes Janes position as a governess as a position of androgyny; her position is traditionally feminine because she takes care of a child, but also masculine due to her financial independence. Janes androgyny makes her completely stand out compared to the polarized women around her: This I quickly was: my best dress (the silver-grey one, purchased for Miss Temples wedding, and never worn since) was soon put on [] Some of them were very tall; many[the women] were dressed in white.The collective appearance of the gentlemen, like that of the ladies, is very imposing: they are all costumed in black(Bronte, 178-182). Bronte completely plays with colors to show Janes androgyny. At the dinner, Jane is the only one wearing grey; the women wear white and the men wear black. Jane, in her grey dress falls into an ambiguous territory, literally containing both black in white in her dress. Janes grey dress is a symbol of her androgynous role due to her role as governess. Bronte, playing with Janes physical appearance, enabling her financial independence, and socially making her adopt an androgyny builds an undefined identity in the novel.Jane embodies both male and female characteristics, socially and financially. The purpose of making this ambiguity was not to have the book lean towards the polarities of feminism, or anti feminism but instead to embrace both of these polarities of current womanhood in this time. Janes androgyny is a direct reflection of the changing role in womens identity during the nineteenth century. Various Revolutions going on during the time this novel was writtennotably the Industrial Revolution helped gain way towards dismantling the separate spheres that have plagued the social spheres in Victorian England at the time. Speech in the novel serves a metaphor for power and Janes relationship with it is a reflection to womens relationship with speech during this time period. While on one hand, suppression of emotion and not spe aking up for oneself, can resulted in the women suffocating in their emotions seen in Helen Burns. On the other hand, allowing yourself to be guided completely on emotion can result in social isolation and repression being forced onto them seen in Bertha Mason. Janes character in the novel is multilayered and faceted, a reflection to the complex changing role and identity of women in the western world. Bronte established this metaphor in all aspects of Janes character: in her physical appearance, and in her social interactions. Janes plainness serves as an umbrella for her lack of identity since at this time, a womans worth came from her beauty (Vickery). Socially, Janes ambiguous statusboth the one she was raised in and her status as a governess reflects the literal social development of women at this time. In Janes youth, her schooling forces her to suppress her femininity in the sake of religion, and in her job at Thornfield, she had no choice but to be suffocated in femininity, by taking a job where she was to care of a child, and to assimilate to the aristocratic society she was surrounded in. The story ends with Jane and Rochester living in a house in the wood, which is a metaphor for the social exclusion that, for Jane, was necessary to survive in the world of polarities. Her moving into the woods was her creating a new identity and was ultimately Bronte creating a new woman. Brontes new woman is fluid she doesnt embrace the infamous femininity the Victorian Era is known for, but also is not the picture of feminism, that was created in the Industrial Revolution. This new woman is undefined, reflected in the ambiguity in Janes identity.

The Ethical Theories Of Ethical Subjectivism,...

Introduction Using The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee, I will explain the ethical theories of ethical subjectivism, utilitarianism, and Deontological ethics. Secondly, I will summarize the main points of my article and then act in response using the three ethical theories previously listed. I will also explain which ethical theory best represents the article. Then, I will provide reasoning as to why stem-cell research is important; and lastly, I will offer two open-ended questions. Defined Ethical Theories All the ethical theories are going to be defined using The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee. Chaffee defines ethical subjectivism as, â€Å"The view that the ultimate moral authority is the individual or the ‘subject’† (386). Next,†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, other scientists have been working on â€Å"somatic nuclear transfer† which means the nucleus is taken out of a human egg and is substituted with the nucleus of an adult cell. Scientists are looking to get pluripotent stem-cells from this experiment. Pluripotent stem-cells are ones that can grow into many kinds of human tissues. Although there were some achievements using somatic nuclear transfer, it took many eggs. The author argues that scientists should not be restricted from research that will significantly decrease human suffering and is â€Å"scientifically useful.† Article Response I agree with the author in regards to using stem-cell research to decrease human suffering. The idea that human suffering will be decreased is directly related to utilitarianism. If utilitarianism is applied to stem-cell research, there would be no reason not to use embryos if it means that there is less suffering for the greatest number of people. Stem-cell research would then, and only then, be considered ethical. The problem is determining if most people would need stem-cells for medical issues. If only fifty percent of people find stem-cells useful, utilitarianism would not apply, therefore, the ethical issues still stand. Opposed to utilitarianism, a subjectivist would argue that the individual decides whether something is ethical or not based on how they feel. If a subjectivist found that using an embryo was ethical because it could potentially fix theShow MoreRelatedDeontology and Utilitarianism Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. INTRODUCTION:- Bioethicists ask these questions in the context of modern medicine and draw on a plurality of traditions, both secular and religious, to help society understand and keep pace with how advances in science and medical technology can change the way we experience the meaning of healthRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Ethical Systems872 Words   |  4 Pages The Ethical Systems In ethics, four systems serve as different beliefs concerning our morals: Relativism Ethics, Consequentialism Ethics, Deontological Ethics, and Virtue Ethics. These four theories attempt to define what right and wrong should be and how one should handle any situation. There are many strengths and weaknesses of each view. The goal is to determine which theory is the best by exploring real world situations and questioning the claims that just don’t work out. RELATIVISM ETHICSRead MoreMoral Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Ethics1266 Words   |  6 PagesMeredith Gunning Final Examination December, 6, 2014 Section A Moral theories of Utilitarianism and Deontology Utilitarianism and deontological ethics are two major theories of ethics, specifying and justifying moral principles. Utilitarianism has been clarified by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Bentham proposed that actions are based upon the consequences (Moreland, 2009), and ongoing work on his theory will help in providing grounds for legal actions. His ideas regardingRead MoreEthical Theory Summary3039 Words   |  13 PagesEthical Theory Summary This is an outline and summary of three of the most prominent ethical theories in the history of philosophy. (Note that all three of these represent different ethical absolutist/universalist theories. A view known as ethical relativism follows these.) Please take this as a sketch that invites you to investigate these ethical theories further. After each brief sketch, I will provide some web links that will be helpful to read. Virtue Ethics (especially Aristotle)

Addiction - 1674 Words

The Cause of Addiction COM/156 Each year, there are more deaths and disabilities in the U.S. from substance abuse than from any other cause. In the United States alone, it is reported that roughly 18 million Americans have alcohol problems; 5 to 6 million have drug problems, and more than 9 million children live with a parent addicted to alcohol or illicit drugs. Drug addiction continues to be a growing concern, prompting medical and scientific research on a global scale into the possible causes of addiction and the various levels to which people become drug-dependent. This global issue continues to grow, prompting a rush to determine the cause in an effort to find a cure. Through research, doctors are learning†¦show more content†¦In fact, the occurrence of actual addiction to marijuana is quite low, despite surveys conducted at local high school where as many as 50% of those polled reported frequent use of the substance. Of those 50%, only 3% reported they â€Å"needed† it. This information sugg ests that those 3% may have been genetically predisposed to addiction. At the same time, the popularity of the substance suggests that use may also be attributable to a need to fit in with peer groups. Considered the second most likely cause of addiction is social dislocation. Feeling unconnected with one’s physical or social environment has proven to be a key link in those with addiction. Studies have shown that individuals whom have been displaced are at higher risk for addiction that an individual with a stable environment. Often times, there is significant social pressure to â€Å"fit in† out of fear of rejection. In an article written by Simon Fraser University of Canada Professor Bruce Alexandar, Addiction in the modern world can be best understood as a compulsive lifestyle that people adopt when they are dislocated from the myriad intimate ties between people and groups - from the family to the spiritual community - that are essential for every person in every t ype of society. (Luntz, Issues 74, pg. six 2006). This lends to understanding why some are coping with social pressures through use of addictiveShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Addiction And Addiction985 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction is an illness that changes the way the brain processes information. To understand addiction, you first have to learn its language—how addiction develops and why addicts continue to use despite the harm it inevitably causes. Addiction is a mysterious illness because it seems to make such little sense to the onlooker and at times even to the addict. 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“A Sound of Thunder” and “Nethergrave” free essay sample

A Sound of Thunder† by Ray Bradbury and â€Å"Nethergrave† by Gloria Skurzynski were good, well-written science fiction stories. Both stories used technology to greatly change the life of the main characters. â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† involved dinosaurs and a time machine in which the characters used to go back in time. The time machine was built to go to the stories set in a jungle, sixty million years in the past. In â€Å"Nethergrave†, the main character, Jeremy, chooses to get sucked into the virtual world instead of staying the real world after having a quite embarrassing and lonely day. This stories setting seemed to be in the present time but did not say for sure. The climax in â€Å"Nethergrave† was when all Jeremy’s online friend had left him and he got a message from someone telling him to turn on his mic. I didn’t know what was going to happen or what the man wanted from Jeremy. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† and â€Å"Nethergrave† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He made the decision to leave the real world of being ignored and bullied to go somewhere he was promised never to be abandoned. The climax in â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† was when the men were on the time machine returning to the present time. I thought this was the most suspenseful time because I knew Eckels had walked off the path he was forbidden to leave and I was waiting to read if that small action had really affected the future. Both the stories’ climaxes made me wonder what was going to happen next. One of the themes in the â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† is that one small bad action can lead up to a massive destruction. I think a theme for â€Å"Nethergrave† is that when the reality is tough, it is easy to make poor decisions that seem to make it better. Both themes are ideal to remember because they go hand in hand. If you think about it, the theme in â€Å"Nethergrave† is saying if life is hard, then it is easier to make a poor decision, and if you make a poor decision, than it can affect yourself or others like the theme is in â€Å"A Sound of Thunder†.Both of these short stories show how technology can be extremely dangerous. Advancements in technology are being made every day. Even though these are science fiction stories, I think the dangers of technology from the stories might actually be possible in the future. Both stories kept me wanting to keep reading, but â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† was more effective than â€Å"Nethergrave† in my opinion. It had better characterization in describing the charters, a more relatable theme had more description, and helped the readers get familiar with the setting. The last line of Bradbury’s story, â€Å"There was a sound of thunder†, made me sit dazed for a moment, questioning if he really did kill Eckels. Overall, I thought it had more exciting action and was my favorite of the two.

How Stable Was the Tsarist Autocracy in 1914 Essay Example

How Stable Was the Tsarist Autocracy in 1914 Essay By the beginning of the Great War, Russia was already deeply divided, and the political structure so fragile, overstrained and vulnerable, that it is hard to imagine that it could have survived even without war (Fitzpatrick) Soviet historians, who, at the time of writing, were seeking to justify their regime, would agree with Sheila Fitzpatrick that by 1914, Russias regime was already dead and it was inevitable that the forthcoming revolution of 1917 would take place.However liberal historians, with the aim of destroying the image of the Communist regimes, have tended to usually agree with Services equation, No war. No revolution and that the four year conflict was like a thunderbolt which prevented Russia from following the democratic path to modernisation as her Western allies had done. However, it is the Revisionist point of view that stands in equal balance stating that war should be seen as a kind of Final Judgement' (Figes) to produce a verdict on all the events that have occur red in Russia prior to that. The overthrow of the Romanovs grew likelier as year succeeded year (Service) but it was the war that was the final nail in the coffin for Russias liberal and democratic hopes to equality, freedom and peace.Students of revolutions have observed that, as a rule, the grievances of the people look backward not forward. Rather than clamour for new rights, people complain of being unjustly deprived of ancient rights, real or imagined (Pipes) and in Russia at the time the peasants continued to express the paternal and unequivocal economic demand for the abolition of noble land ownership.And as Russias stability depended on the peasant (Pipes), any uncertainty in the peasants life had far reaching consequences for the stability of the whole of society. Whilst liberals believe that the reforms introduced post- 1905 promised a solution to rural poverty and land hunger, which they also claim were the two reasons responsible for peasant unrest leading up to the war, and that the rural economy was on the ascending path to modernisation stability, the Revisionists cast many shadows of doubt as to the effectiveness of Stolypins reforms. Figes comments that in fact, long before 1914, Stolypins land reforms had [already] ground to a halt. He goes further to point out that Stolypin himself stated that it would take at least 20 years to transform Russian society, but according to the rate of progress, Figes argues it would have taken the best part of a century for the regime to create the strong agrarian bourgeoisie that it had evidently decided to stake its future.His conclusion on the subject is that the land enclosure movement, had, like all other tsarist reforms, come too late. This is in stark contrast to the liberals who have pointed out that after the immediate pressure was relieved by the abolition of redemption dues and the introduction of several tax breaks, the proposed land reforms would create a smooth path for sustained growth in agricu ltural productivity. They focus their argument on the fact that the wager on the strong and sober held enormous potential benefits such as private enterprise, consolidated farmsteads, a lower population and a mobile labour force. In the words of Acton, modern techniques would replace the archaic implements. They then imply that social peasant disturbances fell in the pre- war years and this pointed to peaceful development, and with each year the peasants interest and support for the status quo would grow and if a sustained period of peace and tranquillity was delivered, the tension in the peasant would peter out and eventually cease. For the liberals of this world, 1905 marked a turning point.Whilst one tends to agree with the liberals in saying that the economic record of tsarism was not unimpressive, neither was it impressive. For most revisionists, 1905 was in fact a turning point but not towards peaceful democratic recovery but towards instability and uncertainty. They shatter a ny illusions the democracy- loving and communist- hating liberals hold and inject into the picture a doze of cold reality. They see the traditional liberal view of revolution as a chance product of war (Acton) as unacceptable. They not only argue that in the years leading up to 1914, peasant land hunger and militancy remained intense but state even further that social unrest came from not only those whose standard of living was horrifically low, but from the more economically rational and dynamic peasant (a fact the liberals never associated with the peasant).Mass disturbance evidence of Soviet historians, according to Revisionists is at best shaky, and those findings were based on unreliable evidence and sources. While liberals dismiss these figures altogether, Revisionists appear more eager to examine the evidence before concluding. It is hard for a professional historian to dismiss 20, 000 social disturbances between 1907- 14 whilst there were exceptional harvests and a strong re covery of the grain price.Modernisation was taking place, even in the countryside, despite all the cries from the Soviets of semi- feudal exploitation on the farm. New land was being used, new crops seed strains and rotations systems were introduced, new farming equipment was being utilised and there was an increase in yield per hectare. But Revisionist historians cast a doubt over the liberal interpretation and analysis of events. For the average peasant, due to a marked increase in the level of investment in food and consumer products within the countryside, the standard of living rose in the decades prior to even 1905, but the revolution still occurred. Thus the Revisionists introduce the argument that peasant aggressiveness is not a direct consequence or function of overall level of poverty but their unrest also comes from a want to achieve political goals. They further dismiss the liberal point that a reduction in taxes or an end to redemption dues was likely to alleviate peasa nt rebelliousness. In fact it was the failure to realise the rising economic and political expectations and the peasants assertiveness of those goals that would ensure tensions only got worse and instability flowered.The Neo- Populist Revisionist historians also point out that Stolypins reforms of the Commune were pointless as major innovations had taken place in villages where communes prevailed. Dismantling the commune would in itself be a major barrier to agricultural improvement, and for the vast majority, the option of leaving the commune held little attraction and resistance to Stolypin was fierce. (Acton) Few left it and few new useful ideas came out of those who had. Contrary to both Soviet and Liberal points of view, Neo- Populists state that there was no commercialisations creation of differentiation between the rural bourgeoisie and the rural proletariat. Acton points out that the classical effect of the market and commercial competition, which both Marxists and liberal e conomists take for granted was not happening. The communal redistribution of land, heavy impositions of the State and the vulnerability of the kulaks to the ups-and- downs of weather and the climate all countered any commercialisation.Communes didnt split, even when times were good. No- one wanted rich farmers, especially if they were their neighbour, and they would dislike the fact that someone had more than them. So the vast majority of middle peasants were bound together by the Commune and tensions in the village were constantly turned towards a more important enemy- the nobleman. The village had a common interest, a way of life, and an outlook on life (Acton). The Revisionists believe that the peasants were united in their obvious resentment and enmity towards the gentry. Basically the peasants were not only united in the face of land shortages and economic hardships but were also politically motivated to get rid of the gentry and so would seize land just as eagerly as it had do ne in the revolution of 1905. This is diametrically opposite to the liberal idea to less disturbances and more rural contentment. This only highlights and identifies the complex problem of stability in the regions surrounding the towns.The Revisionists also disagree with the Soviets. They do not equate social tensions with economic or political processes at the heart of the Marxist interpretation. As the rate of progress and the level of the standard of living increases, then the Revisionists point out that it becomes exceedingly hard for the Soviets to claim that there is feudal exploitation in the towns and that people are unhappy. Also the revisionists dispute the insistence of the Soviet historians that the peasant movement followed the proletariat vanguard. Although Lenins party of a new type offered guidance, the peasants could revolt and conquer all they need by themselves. Revisionists show that Lenins genius wasnt needed, as peasants were capable of sustaining their own rev olt. One Russian proverb goes thus: Give a starving man some bread, and hell soon take the whole loaf. Expectations were high, and with every little bit of reform, the peasants insisted on more (bread).In fact the Russian peasant, in the eyes of Revisionists, soon learned the definition of starving and the reason why it was so, through an improvement of his literacy levels. The peasant became more politically conscious without the aid of the Socialists, in what ever form they came. The peasants were independent, and this would prove correct in February 1917, when they finally did seize land without much help of socialist parties. Although we know, by looking at the last two Duma compositions, that the peasants were more favourable towards the socialists. When this combined with the peasants declining respect for established authority especially the nobles, the trend of demands accelerated. If noble landownership, the prime source of peasant resentment, was far from fading peacefull y away (Acton), then the hope for stability had disappeared as the peasants clamoured for improvements both economically and politically.Stolypins policy did little or nothing to restrict or halt the ferocity of the peasants attack upon the nobility. 1905 was a prime example. Despite increases in standard of living and wages, the revolutions went ahead. This shows the peasants were in fact more aware politically and the fact that it was impossible to have economic modernisation without political liberation, such as the right to own all land. While Revisionists rightly agree that peasants could have been better off and perhaps this would have prevented revolution, they stop short of the extremities the Soviets choose to say. Revisionists contradict the central features of the Soviet camp, by stating that the situation wasnt as bad as the Soviets say it was, and that there was hope and revolution was certainly not inevitable.There was at least hope for stability. While on the other ha nd both currents of Revisionists likewise show opposition to liberal optimism by playing down the significance of reforms that liberals place, and question whether those reforms would actually lead to social stability. According to Service, the conventional wisdom and feeling has been that some kind of revolution was on the way and highly likely, just no one knew when. He further adds that basic tensions in state and society had not been alleviated, and the peasants wish for egalitarian custom and social justice would in the events of February 1917, be hard to extinguish. These were the ideals for which they (the peasants) would fight long and hard. (O. Figes)Economic transformation was also taking place in the towns. Liberals say that industrialisation would take time, and as the economy grew then conditions would improve. They say this is typical of early modernisation and after a certain period of time wages and conditions would ameliorate. The channels were being opened for peac eful management- employer bargaining within the framework of a private enterprise company (Acton), and a start had been made. However this start and likewise future progress relied on what both Soviet and Revisionist historians agree to call brutal conditions. Pitiful wages, 60- hour working week, the rate of industrial accidents horrific, overcrowded housing etc. and a general crude attitude towards the workers means that the Liberal point of view seems like capitalism was simply not being implemented properly and that serious reforms would need to be considered if that ideal liberal market place, in which workers would be able to become integrated with the rest of society (Acton), were to appear.Both Revisionists and Soviets agree that there was in reality emerging a brutal form of industrial capitalism, rather than the fostering of moderation, reformism and concern with purely economic goals that the Liberals promise. This environment was creating a more radical and politically c onscious set of workers eager to strike at any moment. While liberals assure us that without war, the levels of worker militancy would decline as workers became more capitalist minded, this is hard to reconcile with the more realistic Revisionist stance. The Revisionists in fact diametrically oppose the Liberal claim that the workers protest was becoming less intense. There remains a fact that in 1905- at a time when there was an extremely high level of protests and disturbances, there were 13, 995 strikers who attended 2, 863, 173 number of strikes.But in 1914- at a time when liberals claim there was a period of less intense protest, there are 3, 574 strikers which attended 1, 337, 458 strikes1. These figures show that a time,1914, when Liberals believe there was a less intense programme of protest, more strikes per person (374 per person) than a time, 1905, when the Liberals state there was a huge number of protests (205 per person). The Revisionists clearly put to bed any doubt a s to the stability of the Empire. They prove that the liberal view of social unrest was less intense after the reforms of the Tsar as not only an understatement but a complete distortion of the truth. And the Revisionist L. Haimson, correctly states, about the stability of the workers: By 1914, strike action was running at a rate comparable to that of 1905. Worse still, the Autocracy was being threatened by these strikes in its capital city. If the modernity and concentration of labour which St. Petersburg epitomised were the pattern of the future, the prospects for urban stability were poor.Even further, the Revisionists undermine the Liberal view point, by providing opposing facts to what the Liberals say. Indeed, there existed a fusion between economic and political goals for the workers, and it was not a Liberal labour aristocracy that emerged. That remains a Liberal dream. But in revisionist reality, it was the most urbanised workers, those with the highest levels of skills, e ducation and wages who were at the forefront of the labour protest (Acton). It shows the general level of discontentment with the autocracy, showing us that protests were not strictly tied with economic principles but also, and much more importantly with political motivations. If the print workers, exceptionally well paid individuals, were the most promising candidates for roles in the strike processions, then we are revealed a deeper sense of mistrust and uncertainty over the regime amongst normal people. We see beyond the glittering exterior of autocracy, as Pipes calls it, and see the base structures which are inherently weak and unstable. We see the pillars are wobbling inside the monarchys castle. And that in unison, Soviets and Revisionists cry that the workers really confronted the tsarist regime with a challenge it could not withstand (Acton).The politicisation of the workforce was now apparent, and the Revisionists showed that workers tended to side with socialists in the D UMA elections and Trade Union Boards (as Soviets rightly claim) but the Revisionists differ in their analysis of the nature of socialist influence. The Revisionists however limit Bolshevik influence before the war [as] less a cause than a consequence of the Russian working class radicalisation (Acton). After all, it was less thanks to Bolshevik propaganda than to personal experiences of disillusionment, disappointment, and poverty that worker radicalisation occurred. In contrast to both Soviet and Liberal interpretations, at every turn workers found themselves coming up against the State and economic grievances could only be redressed by achieving political change (Acton) which was possible without the genius of Lenin.As experience determined how Russian workers acted, then if they were to follow a reformist path in the pre- war years, then that depended on whether the delicate flowers of parliamentary politics (Acton) were given time to blossom. The impact of war combined with the character of the Tsar further fuelled the fire which was already causing the system to come apart.The pressures of the First World War threw the anachronistic traits of Russian autocracy into sharp relief, and made Nicholas II seem less like an upholder of the autocratic tradition than an unwitting satirist of it. (S. Fitzpatrick) But first it was the personal inabilities of the tsar which rocked the autocratic boat. His insistence on mentioning the principle of autocracy just as firmly as did his dead father, and opposing any real reforms took away political power from his hands and shifted the balance to the people. Also his personal deficiencies were in part responsible for his early demise, as he was neither resolute enough to uphold the status quo, nor was he dynamic or far- sighted enough to realise that through genuine reforms he would be able to avert revolution and save his familys throne.However his conservative aids were too strong to repel, and the Duma became a nothing more than a toy for the Tsar, and so he became more and more reliant on force, he lost the support of both the middle classes and the intelligentsia. The Revisionists agree with the Soviets here that the liberals were in an insoluble predicament, because although popular with the more influential individuals, they themselves proved too weak and unable to face up opposition. They could not move left because they were afraid of the masses and the potential revolutions which they could bring, and appealing to them could destroy the liberals. Neither could the move to the right and risk becoming hostages in a regime which they would exercise no control (Acton).They did not have a foothold on power nor could they present an effective opposition. With no hopes for reform, Liberals tend to single out the Tsar who by now through his own stubbornness and unwillingness to co- operate was left with quite bluntly no friends to sustain him in power. His landed nobility support was too narrow a p olitical base to keep him in power, the police force too small, corrupt and ill- trained to keep control of the towns and the Army refused to co- operate with the Tsars wishes when it itself wanted reform. The Autocratic regime was becoming more and more unstable, and the writing was on the wall before the war broke out (Acton). Tsarism was a deadlocked political system, drifting helplessly towards destruction (A. K. Wildman). War only speeded up the regimes demise, as Gorky said, one thing was clear and that was that with the entrance to the 1st World War, Russia was entering the 1st act of a worldwide tragedy.There are many points on which the Revisionists and Soviets agree, namely that by 1914 the regime was already on the road to revolution, but where as the Soviets explanations for that route take is due to the fantastical determinist highly inevitable socialist theory and the great genius of its leaders, the Revisionists point more towards personal experience being the key to the radicalisation of peasants and workers. The liberal view of gradual recovery by Russia if not for the bolt form the blue World War One seems just as unlikely as the Soviet claims. The Revisionists seems to offer a realistic explanation of the fall of one the greatest Empires of history, through a mixture of balanced arguments, analysis and a substantial examination of facts. We know that Russia was on the path to annihilation, but the Revisionists in detail provide a sensible answer, accommodating for the war being the last kick in the backside and how it proved to be the Empires undoing.